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Promotion from one geup to the next can proceed rapidly in some schools, since schools often allow geup promotions every two, three, or four months. Students of geup rank learn the most basic techniques first, and then move on to more advanced techniques as they approach first dan. Many of the older and more traditional schools often take longer to allow students to test for higher ranks than newer, more contemporary schools, as they may not have the required testing intervals. View Taekwondo belt levels »
Ribs
( 늑골 neuggol )
Difficulty Level: Beginner Surface: Offensive Target
Ribs are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. Ribs are classed as flat bones which usually have a protective role in the body. Humans have 24 ribs, in 12 pairs. All are attached at the back to the thoracic vertebrae, and are numbered from 1–12 according to the vertebrae they attach to. The first rib is attached to thoracic vertebra 1 (T1). At the front of the body most of the ribs are joined by costal cartilages to the sternum. The ribs connect to the vertebrae with two joints, the costovertebral joints.
The parts of a rib include the head, neck, body (or shaft), tubercle, and angle.
The head of the rib lies next to a vertebra. The ribs connect to the vertebrae with two costovertebral joints, one on the head and one on the neck. The head of the rib has a superior and an inferior articulating region, separated by a crest. These articulate with the superior and inferior costal facets on the connecting vertebrae. The crest gives attachment to the intra-articulate ligament that joins the rib to the vertebra of the same number, at the intervertebral disc. Another ligament, the radiate ligament joins the head of the rib to the both the body of the upper vertebra and to the body of the lower vertebra. The smaller middle part of the ligament connects to the intervertebral disc. This plane joint is known as the articulation of the head of the rib.
The other costovertebral joint is that between the tubercle on the neck and the transverse process of the joining thoracic vertebra of the same rib number, and this is known as the costotransverse joint. The superior costotransverse ligament attaches from the non-articular facet of the tubercle to the transverse process of the vertebra.
The neck of the rib is a flattened part that extends laterally from the head. The neck is about 3 cm long. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, whilst its posterior is perforated by numerous foramina and its surface rough, to give attachment to the ligament of the neck. Its upper border presents a rough crest (crista colli costae) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its lower border is rounded.
A tubercle of rib on the posterior surface of the neck of the rib, has two facets (surfaces) one articulating and one non-articulating. The articular facet, is small and oval and is the lower and more medial of the two, and connects to the transverse costal facet on the thoracic vertebra of the same rib number. The transverse costal facet is on the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper ribs than in the lower ribs.
Rib Cage
The first seven sets of ribs, known as true ribs, are attached to the sternum by the costal cartilages. The first rib is unique and easier to distinguish than other ribs. It is a short, flat, C-shaped bone. The vertebral attachment can be found just below the neck at the first thoracic vertebra, and the majority of this bone can be found above the level of the clavicle. Ribs 2 through 7 have a more traditional appearance and become longer and less curved as they progress downwards. The following five sets are known as false ribs, three of these sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed floating ribs. They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum.
In general, human ribs increase in length from ribs 1 through 7 and decrease in length again through rib 12. Along with this change in size, the ribs become progressively oblique (slanted) from ribs 1 through 9, then less slanted through rib 12.
The rib cage is separated from the lower abdomen by the thoracic diaphragm which controls breathing. When the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity is expanded, reducing intra-thoracic pressure and drawing air into the lungs. This happens through one of two actions (or a mix of the two): when the lower ribs the diaphragm connects to are stabilized by muscles and the central tendon is mobile, when the muscle contracts the central tendon is drawn down, compressing the cavity underneath and expanding the thoracic cavity downward. When the central tendon is stabilized and the lower ribs are mobile, a contraction of the diaphragm elevates the ribs, which works in conjunction with other muscles to expand the thoracic indent upward.
Training Safety Precautions
Meditation is a practice in which an individual trains the mind or induces a mode of consciousness. The practice has a calming effect and directs awareness inward until pure awareness is achieved, described as being awake inside without being aware of anything except awareness itself. Meditation is often used to clear the mind and ease many health issues, such as high blood pressure, depression, and anxiety.
In taekwondo, sometimes after the class finishes, the master ( 사범님 sabeomnim ) instructs the students to meditate in the dojang in a sitting cross-legged posture. Cooling down, also called warming down, is an easy exercise that will allow the body to gradually transition from an exertional state to a resting or near-resting state. View Meditation »
* Please see a certified Master Instructor ( 사범님 sabeomnim ) for training. Proper guidance and instructions are needed to ensure safe training.
Impact Surface Area
Various surfaces of the hand and feet may be engaged as the striking or blocking surface depending on which area of the opponents body is being targeted. This leads to a large array of hand and feet positions. The human body's shape is determined by a strong skeleton made of bone and cartilage, surrounded by fat, muscle, connective tissue, organs, and other structures. For more information View Impact Surface Area »
- Fist ( 주먹 jumeok )
- Hammer Fist ( 메주먹 mejumeok )
- Hand Blade ( 손날 sonnal )
- Ridgehand ( 손날등 sonnal-deung )
- Forearm ( 앞팔 ap-pal )
- Inner Wrist ( 안팔목 anpalmok )
- Outside Wrist ( 바깥팔목 bakkatpalmok )
- Elbow ( 팔굽 palgup )
- Back Knuckle ( 등주먹 deung-jumeok )
- Arm ( 팔 pal )
- Hand ( 손 son )
- Finger ( 손가락 songalag )
- Palm ( 손바닥 sonbadak )
- Palm Heel ( 바탕손 batangson )
- Fingertips ( 손끝 sonkkeut )
- Scissors Fingertips ( 가위손끝 kawisonkkeut )
- Combined Two Fingertips ( 모은두손끝 moeundusonkkeut )
- Single Fingertip ( 한손끝 hansonkkeut )
- Combined Three Fingertips ( 모은세손끝 moeunsesonkkeut )
- Flat Fingertips ( 편손끝 pyeonsonkkeut )
- Back Hand ( 손등 sondeung )
- Wrist Area ( 팔목 palmok )
- Back of the Wrist ( 등팔목 deung-palmok )
- Base of the Wrist or Inner Wrist ( 밑팔목 mitpalmok )
- Arc Hand ( 아금손 ageumson )
- Pincers Finger ( 집게주먹 jipgejumeok )
- Bent Wrist ( 굽힌손목 gupinsonmok )
- Curled Fingertips ( 모둠손끝 modumsonkkeut )
- Extended Knuckle Fist ( 밤주먹 bamjumeok )
- Half-clenched Fist ( 편주먹 pyeonjumeok )
- Trigger Finger Fist ( 집게밤주먹 jipgebamjumeok )
- Curled Hand ( 곰손 gomson )
- Foot ( 발 bal )
- Ball of the Foot ( 앞축 apchuk )
- Instep of the Foot ( 발등 baldeung )
- Bottom of the Heel ( 뒤축 dwichuk )
- Sole of the Foot ( 발바닥 balbadak )
- Foot Blade ( 발날 balnal )
- Shin ( 정강이 jeonggangi )
- Ankle ( 발목 balmog )
- Reverse Foot Blade ( 발날등 balnaldeung )
- Tips of the Toes ( 발끝 balkkeut )
- Knee ( 무릎 mureup )
- Back of the Heel ( 뒤꿈치 dwikkumchi )
- Back of the Knee ( 오금 ogum )
- Thigh ( 허벅지 heobeokji )
- Head ( 머리 meoli )
- Face ( 얼굴 eolgul )
- Human Eye ( 눈 nun )
- Ear ( 귀 gwi )
- Temple ( 관자놀이 gwanjanoli )
- Nose ( 코 ko )
- Teeth ( 이 i )
- Chin ( 턱 teog )
- Jaw ( 턱 teog )
- Throat ( 목구멍 mokgumeong )
- Neck ( 목 mok )
- Cervical Vertebrae ( 경추 gyeongchu )
- Shoulder ( 어깨 eokkae )
- Collarbone ( 쇄골 swaegol )
- Chest ( 가슴 gaseum )
- Ribs ( 늑골 neuggol )
- Sternum ( 흉골 hyung-gol )
- Abdomen ( 복부 bogbu )
- Groin ( 샅 sat )
- Hamstring ( 햄스트링 haemseuteuling )
There are five tenets defined in the International Taekwondo Federation (ITF) and several more in World Taekwondo (WT).
Integrity ( 염치 yeom-chi ): "Although it may be similar, this form of integrity takes on a more wider role then defined in the common dictionary. In taekwondo, integrity means not only to determine what is right or wrong but also having the conscience to feel guilt if one has done wrong and to have the integrity stand up for what is right." View Taekwondo Tenets »
RESOURCES
This article uses material from the Wikipedia articles "Rib" and "List of Taekwondo techniques", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.